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Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide

By now, you should have read the Red Hat Linux Installation Guide and successfully installed Red
Hat Linux. This manual is designed to help new and intermediate Linux users navigate and perform
common tasks. Keep in mind that Linux looks, feels, and performs differently from other operating
systems you may have used. Forget about the conventions of other operating systems and, with an
open mind, approach Red Hat Linux as a new, interesting, and versatile alternative.
This manual is task-oriented. You will find useful tips, hints, warnings, and screen shots interspersed
throughout. First, you will learn the basics of using Red Hat Linux, such as customizing a desktop,
configuring a printer, and getting online. Once the basics are covered, the tasks covered in this manual
become progressively more advanced.
Most users choose to work within either the GNOME or KDE graphical desktop environments (other
desktop environments are also available). The Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide focuses primarily
on how to perform tasks in these two environments.
Topics discussed include:
• Using the graphical desktop environment
• Managing files and directories
• Working with documents
• Using the Web and email
• Working with a digital camera
After conquering the basics of your Red Hat Linux system, you may need information on more ad-
vanced topics. You can find this information in the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide, the Red Hat
Linux Reference Guide, the Red Hat Linux System Administration Primer, and the Red Hat Linux
Security Guide

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Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux Reference Guide

The Red Hat Linux Customization Guide is designed to help explain the various ways a Red Hat Linux system can be configured to meet specific objectives. Use this manual to learn about specific configuration options and how to put them into effect. When you are installing software that is not covered in the Red Hat Linux Customization Guide, it is often helpful to see what other people in similar circumstances have done.

Contents
Introduction

1. Changes To This Manual2. Finding Appropriate Documentation
2.1. Documentation For First-Time Linux Users
2.2. For the More Experienced
2.3. Documentation for Linux Gurus

3. Document Conventions
4. Using the Mouse
5. Copying and Pasting Text With X
6. More to Come
6.1. We Need Feedback!

7. Sign Up for Support

I. System Reference

1. Boot Process, Init, and Shutdown
1.1. The Boot Process
1.2. A Detailed Look at the Boot Process
1.3. Running Additional Programs at Boot Time
1.4. SysV Init Runlevels
1.5. Shutting Down

2. Boot Loaders
2.1. Boot Loaders and System Architecture
2.2. GRUB
2.3. Installing GRUB
2.4. GRUB Terminology
2.5. GRUB Interfaces
2.6. GRUB Commands
2.7. GRUB Menu Configuration File
2.8. LILO
2.9. Options in /etc/lilo.conf
2.10. Changing Runlevels at Boot Time
2.11. Additional Resources

3. File System Structure
3.1. Why Share a Common Structure?
3.2. Overview of File System Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
3.3. Special File Locations

4. The sysconfig Directory
4.1. Files in the /etc/sysconfig/ Directory
4.2. Directories in the /etc/sysconfig/ Directory
4.3. Additional Resources

5. The proc File System
5.1. A Virtual File System
5.2. Top-level Files in the proc File System
5.3. Directories in /proc/
5.4. Using the sysctl Command
5.5. Additional Resources

6. Users and Groups
6.1. User and Group Management Tools
6.2. Standard Users
6.3. Standard Groups
6.4. User Private Groups
6.5. Shadow Passwords

7. The X Window System
7.1. XFree86
7.2. Desktop Environments and Window Managers
7.3. XFree86 Server Configuration Files
7.4. Fonts
7.5. Runlevels and XFree86
7.6. Additional Resources

II. Network Services Reference

8. Network Interfaces
8.1. Network Configuration Files
8.2. Interface Configuration Files
8.3. Interface Control Scripts
8.4. Network Function Files
8.5. Additional Resources

9. Network File System (NFS)
9.1. Methodology
9.2. NFS Server Configuration Files
9.3. NFS Client Configuration Files
9.4. Securing NFS
9.5. Additional Resources

10. Apache HTTP Server
10.1. Apache HTTP Server 2.0
10.2. Migrating Apache HTTP Server 1.3 Configuration Files
10.3. After Installation
10.4. Starting and Stopping httpd
10.5. Configuration Directives in httpd.conf
10.6. Default Modules
10.7. Adding Modules
10.8. Virtual Hosts
10.9. Additional Resources

11. Email
11.1. Email Protocols
11.2. Email Program Classifications
11.3. Mail Transport Agents
11.4. Mail Delivery Agents
11.5. Mail User Agents
11.6. Additional Resources

12. Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND)
12.1. Introduction to DNS
12.2. /etc/named.conf
12.3. Zone Files
12.4. Using rndc
12.5. Advanced Features of BIND
12.6. Common Mistakes to Avoid
12.7. Additional Resources

13. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
13.1. Why Use LDAP?
13.2. LDAP Terminology.
13.3. OpenLDAP Daemons and Utilities
13.4. OpenLDAP Configuration Files
13.5. The /etc/openldap/schema/ Directory
13.6. OpenLDAP Setup Overview
13.7. Configuring Your System to Authenticate Using OpenLDAP
13.8. Upgrading to OpenLDAP Version 2.0
13.9. Additional Resources

III. Security Reference

14. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
14.1. Advantages of PAM
14.2. PAM Configuration Files
14.3. PAM Configuration File Format
14.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files
14.5. Creating PAM Modules
14.6. PAM and Device Ownership
14.7. Additional Resources

15. TCP Wrappers and xinetd
15.1. TCP Wrappers
15.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files
15.3. xinetd
15.4. xinetd Configuration Files
15.5. Additional Resources

16. iptables
16.1. Packet Filtering
16.2. Differences between iptables and ipchains
16.3. Options Used in iptables Commands
16.4. Storing iptables Information
16.5. Additional Resources

17. Kerberos
17.1. Advantages of Kerberos
17.2. Kerberos Terminology
17.3. How Kerberos Works
17.4. Kerberos and PAM
17.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server
17.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client
17.7. Additional Resources

18. SSH Protocol
18.1. Features of SSH
18.2. SSH Protocol Versions
18.3. Event Sequence of an SSH Connection
18.4. OpenSSH Configuration Files
18.5. More Than a Secure Shell
18.6. Requiring SSH for Remote Connections

19. Tripwire
19.1. How to Use Tripwire
19.2. Installing the Tripwire RPM
19.3. Customizing Tripwire
19.4. Initialize the Tripwire Database
19.5. Running an Integrity Check
19.6. Examining Tripwire Reports
19.7. Updating the Tripwire Database
19.8. Updating the Tripwire Policy File
19.9. Updating the Tripwire Configuration File
19.10. Tripwire File Location Reference
19.11. Additional Resources

IV. Appendixes

A. General Parameters and Modules
A.1. Specifying Module Parameters
A.2. CD-ROM Module Parameters
A.3. SCSI parameters
A.4. Ethernet Parameters

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